Examples include studies of several visual abnormalities (Mustari 2017), development of HIV/AIDS vaccines and therapeutics (Van Rompay 2017; Veazey and Lackner 2017), and therapies for tuberculosis (Foreman et al. (2014), and Van Rompay (2017). They emphasize advantages of NHP preclinical models relative to other animals, particularly rodents. Now the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH)the main supporter of chimpanzees maintained for biomedical researchfinds itself facing an incendiary debate over whether it should phase out such studies or breed more animals for future generations of investigators. WebThe New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) is a national, registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and This type of coordination will, among other benefits, identify enough animals of high potential in regard to a specific disease, such that a relatively small number of animals, prescreened as likely candidates, can be sequenced. Zimmermann, T. Schraeder, B. Reynolds, E.M. DeBoer, K.B. These concepts are in quite early stages of development, and their eventual contribution to translational research is uncertain (see, e.g., a discussion in the SCHEER Report, 2017). Search for other works by this author on: Trial watch: Phase II and Phase III attrition rates, 20112012, Raise standards for preclinical cancer research, Whole-genome characterization in pedigreed non-human primates using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) and imputation, Whole genome sequencing predicts novel human disease models in rhesus macaques, Naturally-occurring nonhuman primate models of psychosocial processes, Contributions of non-human primates to neuroscience research, Progress and prospects for genetic modification of nonhuman primate models in biomedical research, Genome editing in nonhuman primates: Approach to generating human disease models, Functional disruption of the dystrophin gene in rhesus monkey using CRISPR/Cas9, Exome screening to identify loss-of-function mutations in the rhesus macaque for development of preclinical models of human disease, Baboons as a model to study genetics and epigenetics of human disease, Nonhuman primates and translational researchcardiovascular disease, Marmosets are stars of Japans ambitious brain project, A rhesus macaque model of Asian-lineage Zika virus infection, Translational research in the nonhuman primate model of tuberculosis, Comparison of the Canadian and US laws, regulations, policies and systems of oversight for animals in research, Progress in genetics and genomics of nonhuman primates, Genomic tools for the use of nonhuman primates in translational research, Use and importance of nonhuman primates in metabolic disease research: Current state of the field, Clinical development success rates for investigational drugs, Accelerating biomedical discoveries through rigor and transparency, A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs, Development and validation of a SNP-based assay for inferring the genetic ancestry of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), TALEN-based generation of a cynomolgus monkey disease model for human microcephaly, Improving bioscience research reporting: The ARRIVE guidelines for reporting animal research, The chimpanzee model of viral hepatitis: Advances in understanding the immune response and treatment of viral hepatitis, Autism-like behaviors and germline transmission in transgenic monkeys overexpressing MeCP2, The next step in translational research: Lessons learned from the first preclinical randomized controlled trial, Bringing genome-wide association findings into clinical use, In retrospect: A decade of shared genomic associations, Advances in vision science and prevention of blindness using nonhuman primates, National Association for Biomedical Research, National Research Council (US) Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Laboratory animal laws, regulations, guidelines and standards in China Mainland, Japan and Korea, Protecting animals and enabling research in the European Union: An overview of development and implementation of directive 2010/63/EU, Generation of transgenic marmosets expressing genetically encoded calcium indicators. Marr, K.B. Cost must probably be decreased further to allow for whole genome sequencing of large numbers of animals. 2016) should increase and contribute to the utility of NHPs for translational research. WebAccording to our records, this business is located at 45 Memorial Cir in Augusta (in Kennebec County), Maine 04330, the location GPS coordinates are: 44.3101021 (latitude), -69.7801427 (longitude). The New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) is a national, registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization "dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and science education" and replacing them with "modern alternatives that are ethically, humanely, and scientifically superior. Furthermore, major users of research animals, such as pharmaceutical companies and universities, are often reticent to acknowledge use of animals and therefore are limited in their ability to defend investigations that require them. JCI Dr. Capaldos verbal testimony: Committee on Chimpanzees in , Emborg ME. Northern New England Vascular Societywas founded by Betty LaBombard, Maryann Waters, Anne Musson and Nancy Gardner in 1994 as an Affiliate Chapter of the Society for Vascular Ultrasound (SVU). Every year in the U.S., millions of animals are used as models in biological and medical research to study human disease, injury, development, psychology, and anatomy and physiology. S National Association for Biomedical Research . Recent examples include the influence of the animal rights organizations on the NIH decision to prohibit research using chimpanzees (Reardon 2015, see also commentary in this issue by Veazey and Lackner 2017 and Lanford et al. WebBOSTON, MA (December 15, 2011) The National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine (IOM) today released results of their nine-month long study, called for by the Mapping, rather than sequencing per se, has been used successfully to identify Quantitative Trait Loci in baboons that contribute to complex diseases (Cox et al. Within the continental United States, most species of NHPs can be moved very safely by truck. animal ethics and scientific research . For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Marr, [91] D. Disharoon, B.G. C The purpose of mentioning them is to acknowledge that there are potential alternatives to NHPs and other animal models. The United States is the only country that continues wide-scale housing of chimpanzees in laboratories and permits their use in invasive research. E The development of breeding and technology centers in China and Japan is a more recent phenomenon that is impacting translational research (Cyranoski 2014, 2016). In regard to transportation, a question still remains as to whether some chimpanzees experienced stress that can affect their longevity at the Chimp Haven sanctuary. Research F Chan Scientists Burch and Russell created the 3Rs: reduction, refinement and replacement to further anti-vivisection. The Secure Remote Viewer (SRV) WebNEW ENGLAND ANTI-VIVISECTION SOCIETY 333 Washington Street, Suite 850 Boston, MA 02108 Phone: 617-523-6020 Fax: 617-523-7925 Email: info@neavs.org neavs.org 2016 brought enormous success to NEAVS long-standing focus on non-animal alternatives and chimpanzees. A particularly timely example is development of a highly efficacious vaccine for HIV/AIDS. These authors review the objectives of a typical enhancement plan for animals, relevant outcome measures, challenges, costs, and benefits. Cox Commercial airlines that once transported NHPs no longer do so. Projects More than a decade later, roughly 900 chimpanzees remained in U.S. labs and the vast majority were not being used. In some cases, animals can be moved to the continental United States from offshore sites by charter companies. , Miller P. Bayne 2017). The petition aimed to reclassify captive chimpanzees as endangered. Amory died unexpectedly later that same year. Animals often suffer greatly in these studies, as they are inflicted with diseases, traumas, and pain they would not normally experience in order to mimic human conditions. However, there are always difficulties in quickly securing additional support from funding agencies to increase breeding of any given species, since most funding is already committed to support existing breeding colonies and on-going investigations. NHPs provide particularly useful preclinical models for studying these conditions, because, like humans, optimal visual acuity depends on frontally placed eyes, retinal specializations, and binocular vision. 2016; Sasaki 2015; Sasaki et al. Pgs. Highly visible organizations, such as the Humane Society of the United States (http://www.humanesociety.org/) and the New England Anti-Vivisection Society (http://www.neavs.org/), called here, for shorthand, animal rights organizations, actively oppose animal-based research. Fish and Wildlife Service to list captive chimpanzees as endangered along with wild chimpanzees,[39] and lobbying for the Great Ape Protection and Cost Savings Act (GAPCSA) that would end invasive research on chimpanzees and retire all federally owned chimpanzees to sanctuary. These new requirements will be challenging for investigators proposing NHP-based research and for peer reviewers, in part because of the expense associated with each animal in an NHP-based study and the potential difficulty of obtaining adequate numbers of females, neonates, or juveniles. Research using all vertebrate animals, including NHPs, and the characteristics of the facilities that house and breed animals are regulated in North America (Griffin and Locke 2016; Tardif et al. K Development of transgenic animals that closely replicate human diseases, particularly using CRISPR/Cas9-based approaches (reviewed by Chen et al. , Schoenbaum EE, Lee LS, Schteingart DE, Marantz PR, Anderson KE, Platt LD, Baez A, Esposito K. Sasaki In 1983 NEAVS successfully lobbied to repeal Massachusetts' 1957 pound seizure law, which required animal shelters to sell animals for use in research. K , Zheng Y, Kang Y, Yang W, Niu Y, Guo X, Tu Z, Si C, Wang H, Xing R, Pu X, Yang SH, Li, S, Ji W, Li XJ. The authors cite several examples of the use of NHP models to validate therapies in humans. An Assessment of the Role of Chimpanzees in AIDS Vaccine Research Bailey, J. Neeves. Project R&R successfully led the charge to end the use of chimpanzees in U.S. biomedical research and testing. The authors emphasize many different aspects of this topic, including effects of genetics, epigenetics, and diet on CVD; the relationship of infectious disease and CVD, as exemplified by studies of Chagas disease; and the use of stem cell-based technologies to develop NHP preclinical models. NGVB Mustari They discuss a number of studies in which the physiological features related to endocrine and metabolic studies in nonobese animals have been translated from original findings in rodents to the more relevant NHP model. These include models for Huntingtons Disease (Chan 2013), diseases caused by mitochondrial mutations (Takibana et al. 2016): (1) characterization of gene content and organization of the experimental animal species in comparison to humans, to understand the potential use of an animal model to study a specific human disease or genetic condition; (2) analysis of genetic variation in individual animals to identify potential mutant NHPs that can be developed as models of specific human diseases; (3) development of genome arrays that can be used for mapping studies that identify potential disease genes, or more generally, for identifying Quantitative Trait Loci, genomic regions that contain disease genes (Cox 2013); (4) development of arrays or other assays that can be used to stratify the population of animals to be used as experimental subjects to enhance the accuracy of preclinical studies and to reduce animal numbers needed for translational studies. American Anti-Vivisection Society 2023. [25] In 2004 after the bill was vetoed by Governor Mitt Romney, who said that the decision should be made by the Massachusetts Department of Education,[26][27] ESEC's continued advocacy led the State Board of Education to issue a policy in 2005 allowing students to choose alternatives to dissection. The first NEAVS meeting was held at Peabody's house on March 30, 1895, and the first office was opened at 179A Tremont St. in Boston on September 12 of the same year, with Peabody serving as NEAVS president. This effort was accompanied by an innovative use of the internet to report the details of experiments in real time before publication, as an aid to other investigators. Project R&R [38][55][56][57], Through its Sanctuary Fund, NEAVS makes grants to organizations providing lifetime care for animals previously used in research. , Lackner A. Xia Alternatives to Laboratory Animals (ATLA), 36(4), 381-428. In response to a request by members of the US Congress, the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) convened a workshop in December of 2016 entitled, NIH Workshop on Ensuring the Continued Responsible Oversight of Research with Nonhuman Primates. The final report can be accessed at https://www.cnprc.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/NIH-NHP-Workshop-Report.pdf. Nevertheless, there are now several examples of creation of genetically modified monkeys that can be used for translational research. <> Considering animals as mere research tools, an entire industry has been built around supplying animals to laboratories. "Yes, Dad, There Are Alternatives." %PDF-1.5 As discussed by Hewitt et al. All rights reserved. Similar regulations and mechanisms exist in Europe (for reviews, see Bayne and Morris 2012; Olsson et al. , Browne WJ, Cuthill IC, Emerson M, Altman DG. For example, Xue et al. These reviews discuss the use of NHPs to facilitate preclinical research related to many of the diseases that have the highest prevalence in humans and cause extraordinary amounts of human suffering and financial and social burdens. Exceptions to this are the NPRCs and other US centers that have publicly available websites that actively promote use of NHPs for translational research (https://nprcresearch.org/primate/). An extreme example of this exclusivity is the essential use of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), relative even to macaques or other monkeys, for the development of vaccines against infection by Hepatitis A and B viruses and of therapeutics to cure Hepatitis C disease (Lanford et al. M NEAVS' campaign against hormone replacement therapy drugs made from the urine of pregnant horses encourages women to use alternatives. Our vision is to use engineering science to discover mechanisms that regulate blood disorders and innate immunity, and to exploit those mechanisms to develop diagnostic and drug delivery technologies. Our mission is two-fold: (1) To train the next generation of independent scientists and engineers in an inclusive and fun environment. Sasaki AV Magazine. Neeves. <> Therefore, NHPs are usually a critical component in translational research projects aimed at developing therapeutics, vaccines, devices or other interventions aimed at preventing, curing or ameliorating human disease. Research [32][33][34][35][36], NEAVS also lobbied Congress in support of the Great Ape Protection and Cost Savings Act (GAPCSA), first introduced in 2008 and again in 2011. Kept in sterile environments with little attention or enrichment, treated roughly for not cooperating, and transported under unacceptable conditions, the pain and distress that animals used in research experience actually starts long before they enter a laboratory. Animals don't have to be used for human's wants. Reduced ability to transport animals by air has partially inhibited the ability to move NHPs from one center to another, and for US academic researchers, has inhibited transfer of animals from one continent to another. For the papers in this issue of the journal, translational research is defined broadly to include both efforts aimed at developing or validating NHP models that are directly relevant to studies of human disease as well as the use of NHPs in later stages of translation that help validate drug targets; evaluate the efficacy of therapies, vaccines, or devices; and test toxicity of pharmaceuticals before testing in human clinical trials. I thank the many practitioners of NHP-based research with whom I had conversations over many years at the NIH. Project R&R achieved its goal for a worldwide end to harmful, invasive, and lethal research on all great apes in the U.S.the largest holding of chimpanzees for use in research in the world. [46], NEAVS' Common Ground initiative includes two initial campaigns incorporating support for women in science and environmental stewardship with its animals in research mission. In addition, the rigor of the requirements for animal protection (for example for cage sizes) and welfare has, in my opinion, not been described in sufficient detail for these Asian centers. [3], Author Cleveland Amory was NEAVS president from 1987 until 1998. We offer free resources to academic institutions, non-profit organizations, and [30][44][45], The Ethical Science Education Coalition (ESEC) is NEAVS' educational affiliate. In response to the general problem of reproducibility of both basic and preclinical research using animals, the NIH has recently published new requirements for grant applications, which will be part of peer-review and programmatic consideration (Hewitt et al. Biomedical Research NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH Federal legislation introduced in 2015 gained momentum toward ending A further feature of the process of translation is that it is often cyclical. (5) Design of primers for assays that utilize the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and for genetic modification using CRISPR/Cas9 or other techniques for developing genetically modifying animals. Fairly complete draft-level genomic sequences have been published for rhesus and cynomolgus macaques, vervets, and marmosets. Paper topics include findings of research chimpanzee autopsy reports, the implications of genetic differences between chimpanzees and humans, and the applicability of using chimpanzees as research models for cancer, hepatitis C, and AIDS. CROs still have the ability to move animals from Asia to the United States. L [40][41][30], In 2000, the Chimpanzee Health Improvement, Maintenance, and Protection (CHIMP) Act was signed into law, authorizing the retirement of chimpanzees in research who were "not needed". This combination of local control of specific protocols and country-wide governmental regulation provides codified, publicly available regulations, such that a given Center or Laboratory knows exactly how it must house and use NHPs for research. This report contains brief comments on some aspects of the use of NHPs for translational research and concludes: The NIH remains confident that the oversight framework for the use of nonhuman primates in research is robust and has provided sufficient protections to date. A more detailed report published by the Scientific Committee on Health, the Environment and Emerging Risks of the European Union (The SCHEER Report) discusses the same conclusion from the European perspective, and, in addition, provides information about several aspects of the use of NHPs for translational research (SCHEER 2017). 2017). x$jDifws'rC(w[X,NwO]nuYw>|}_"t]}~>?'Y\dZwElOWn7Wfm.RXTfy^.yx\}\..0m`;uY.V|?w>0x\r^8XhlEnVt_-*j&+r{?MnG&/@x\\^lRJ3jDxW.w)]I0sO1\P6S@]'AbW3(9o_Ms'j=:E^43=pe~"%e&D^@%\{tO?h.Gu]YPX0MKm!%y*D[@B\"@&'o/\^E+.tEA{](+}1%hVloPSD,E.j _^=_z E(s5|'soa nA^%S$(LCgz`{` i#i~\Pg9 [30], Launched in 2004, NEAVS' national campaign, Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories, aims to end all biomedical research using chimpanzees in the U.S. and retire them to sanctuaries.
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